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需要备用电源?保持电源连续性

winniewei 提交于

<p><strong><span>Tony Armstrong和Steve Knoth</span></strong></p>

<p><span>ADI公司 /</span><span><span>&nbsp;</span></span><span>亚</span><span>德诺半导体</span></p>

<p><span>在当今持续运转的世界里,无论外部环境或运行条件如何,许多电子系统持续运行是常见现象。换句话说,系统电源的任何故障,无论是瞬时、以秒计还是以分钟计的故障,都必须在设计过程中加以考虑。处理此类情况的最常见的方式是使用不间断电源(UPS)来弥补这些短暂的停机时间,从而确保系统以高可靠性连续运行。同样,当今有许多应急和备用系统用来为楼宇系统提供备用电源,以保证安保系统和关键设备能够在断电期间(无论根本原因是什么)保持运行。</span></p>

<p><span>我们日常生活中使用的无处不在的手持电子设备中可以很容易找到一些明显的例子。由于可靠性至关重要,手持设备采用轻便电源精心设计,可在一般条件下可靠使用。但是,再精心的设计也无法防止人们的误操作。例如,手持便携式扫描设备从工厂工人手中掉下,导致其电池摔出来。这些事件在电子学上是不可预测的,如果没有某种形式的安全网——即某种短期电力保持系统,其中储存有足够的能量来提供备用电源,直到电池被更换或数据存储到永久性存储器中——存储在易失性存储器中的重要数据将会丢失。</span></p>

<p><span>此例清楚地说明了电子系统需要其他形式的电源,以便在主电源中断时有电可用。</span></p>

<p><span>在汽车电子系统中,有许多应用需要用到连续电源,哪怕汽车处于驻车状态(发动机未运转),例如遥控无钥匙进入、安全、甚至个人信息娱乐系统。这些系统通常包含导航、GPS定位和eCall功能。很容易理解为什么这些系统即使在汽车不行驶时也必须保持开启,因为这些系统的GPS必须始终在线以用于紧急和安全目的。这是必然的要求,以便在必要时可由外部操作员激活基本控制。</span></p>

<p><span>考虑eCall系统(以美国通用汽车公司的OnStar®系统为例),其在全球的新车上越来越普遍,许多制造商的各系车型上均已装备这种系统。事实上,欧洲强制性要求2018年3月31日之后出售的所有新车和轻型卡车都必须装备此类系统。这是一项相当简单的技术:当发生碰撞,汽车安全气囊打开时,eCall系统自动联络应急服务。它通过GPS将时间、位置、汽车类型和所用燃油种类传递给有关机构。同时在该系统激活后,您可以利用汽车中的麦克风与呼叫处理人员直接通话。eCall系统可以告知事故发生时您沿哪个方向行驶,以便有关机构知道需要从道路哪一边进入事故现场。所有这一切让救护车、警察和消防员能够在事发后尽快到达现场,并掌握尽可能多的信息。个人通过按下按钮也可以激活eCall,因此如果有人生病(或在碰撞中受伤,但安全气囊未打开),仍然可以轻松呼叫帮助。</span></p>

<h2><span>储存介质</span></h2>

<p><span>了解众多系统需要备用电源后,随之而来的问题是:此类备用电源的储存介质有哪些选择?传统选择是电容和电池。</span></p>

<p><span>可以说,电容技术在电力传输和配送应用中发挥重要作用已有数十年之久。例如,传统的薄膜和油基电容的设计能实现很多种功能,包括功率因数校正和电压平衡等。但是,过去十年中进行了大量的研究和开发,使得电容设计和容量有了显著进步。这些先进的电容被称为超级电容,非常适合用于电池储能和备用电源系统。超级电容的总储能量有限,但其能量密度非常高。此外,超级电容具有快速释放高能量并快速充电的能力。</span></p>

<p><span>超级电容不仅结构紧凑,而且稳健可靠,可满足备用电源系统的要求,应对上面所说的短期电源丧失事件。另外,超级电容很容易并联或串联堆叠,甚至采取串并联组合,为最终应用提供必要的电压和电流。然而,超级电容不仅仅是具有非常大容值的电容器。与标准陶瓷电容、钽电容或电解电容相比,同样尺寸和重量的超级电容具有更高的能量密度和更大的电容。虽然超级电容需要特殊维护,但在需要高电流/短时备用电源的数据存储应用中,其超越甚至可以替换电池。</span></p>

<p><span>此外,超级电容还可用于各种需要高突发电流或短暂备用电池的高峰值功率和便携式应用中,例如UPS系统。与电池相比,超级电容以更小的尺寸提供更高的突发峰值功率,并且充电循环次数更多,工作温度范围更宽。通过降低超级电容的上截止电压并避免高温(&gt; 50°C),可以最大限度地延长超级电容的使用寿命。</span></p>

<p><span>Batteries, on the other hand, can store a lot of energy, but are limited in terms of power density and delivery.</span></p>

<p><span>另一方面,电池可以储存大量能量,但在功率密度和输送方面有局限性。电池内部会发生化学反应,故其充电循环次数很有限。因此,如果要在较长时间里输送适量功率,那么电池最有效,而让电池非常迅速地输出大电流,则会严重缩短其有效使用寿命。表1总结了超级电容、普通电容和电池的优缺点。</span></p>

<p><span>表1.超级电容与普通电容和电池的特性比较</span></p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;border:none;
mso-border-alt:solid #231F20 .5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid #231F20;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid #231F20" width="702">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:13.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:solid #231F20 1.0pt;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid #231F20 .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#0E416B;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:13.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:white">参数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:solid #231F20 1.0pt;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid #231F20 .5pt;background:#0E416B;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:13.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:white">超级电容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:solid #231F20 1.0pt;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid #231F20 .5pt;background:#0E416B;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:13.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:white">普通电容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border-top:solid #231F20 1.0pt;border-left:
none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:none;mso-border-left-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #231F20 .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#0E416B;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:white">电池</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;height:14.8pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.8pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left:3.55pt"><span style="font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">储能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.8pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">瓦秒能量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:14.8pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">瓦秒能量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:14.8pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">瓦时能量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;height:40.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:40.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
0cm;margin-left:3.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">充电方法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:40.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.15pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">端子间的电压</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:7.5pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
text-indent:-6.9pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">(例如从电池)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:40.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.15pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.4pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">端子间的电压</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:6.25pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
text-indent:.2pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">(例如从电池)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:40.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.45pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.65pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
text-indent:6.1pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">电流和电压</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;height:40.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:40.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.65pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
0cm;margin-left:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>

<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">电力输送</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:40.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.15pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">快速放电,电压线性或指数衰减</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:40.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.15pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">快速放电,电压线性或指数衰减</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:40.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.65pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-7.65pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">长时间恒定电压</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;height:22.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">充电</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">/</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">放电时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">毫秒至秒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">皮秒至毫秒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:22.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">1</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">小时至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.65pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">10</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">小时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5;height:13.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">外形尺寸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">小至大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:13.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:6;height:13.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">重量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;
color:#231F20">1 g</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">2 g</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">1 g</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">10 kg</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:13.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">1g</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">10 kg</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">以上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:7;height:13.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.2pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">能量密度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;
color:#231F20">(Wh/kg)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;
color:#231F20">1</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:13.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left:10.15pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">0.01</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">0.05</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:13.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">8</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">600</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:8;height:22.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.7pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">功率密度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;
color:#231F20">(W/kg)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">高,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:7.5pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
text-indent:-6.9pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">&gt;4000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;color:#231F20"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">高,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:2.25pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">&gt;5000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:22.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.15pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:11.2pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">低,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">100</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">3000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:9;height:22.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">工作电压</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;
color:#231F20">2.3 V</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:7.5pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
text-indent:-6.9pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">2.75 V/</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">单元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.4pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">6 V</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">800 V</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:22.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">1.2 V</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.65pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">4.2 V/</span><span style="font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">单元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:10;height:22.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">寿命</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;
color:#231F20">&gt;100k</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">次循环</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">&gt;100k</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">次循环</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#D0D1DC;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:22.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">150</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:4.65pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">1500</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">次循环</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:11;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:22.85pt">
<td style="width:150.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;
padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="201">
<p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.5pt;margin-right:3.9pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:3.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">工作温度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">(</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#231F20">°</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:132.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="176">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt;margin-right:
7.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center;text-indent:-6.9pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;
color:#231F20">-40</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">+85</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:131.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:
solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid white .5pt;
background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:22.85pt" width="175">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt;margin-right:
2.25pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:2.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">-20</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">+100</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:112.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid white .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid white .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid white .5pt;background:#E4E4EA;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
height:22.85pt" width="150">
<p align="center" class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.2pt;margin-right:
4.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:9.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">-20</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;color:#231F20">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
HelveticaNeueLTStd-Cn;color:#231F20">+65</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<h2><span>新型备用管理器电源解决方案</span></h2>

<p><span>现在我们已经明确,超级电容、电池和/或二者的组合可以用作几乎所有电子系统的备用电源,那么有哪些解决方案可用呢?</span></p>

<p><span>首先,任何IC解决方案都会需要一个完整的锂离子电池备用电源管理系统,其必须能够在主电源发生故障时让3.5 V至5 V电源轨保持供电。电池提供的能量比超级电容要多很多,因此需要备用电源长时间供电的应用使用电池更合适。相应地,任何IC解决方案都会需要片内双向同步转换器,以便对备用电池高效率充电;如果主电源轨发生中断,它还能向下游负载提供高电流备用电源。因此,当外部电源可用时,该器件将用作单节锂离子或LiFePO4电池的降压电池充电器,同时赋予系统负载以优先权。然而,如果输入电源突然降至可调电源失效输入(PFI)阈值以下,该IC将需要充当升压调节器,以从备用电池向系统输出提供几安培的电流。因此,如果发生电源故障,该IC将需要执行电源路径控制,以提供反向阻断并在输入电源和备用电源之间无缝切换。这种IC的典型应用包括车队和资产跟踪、汽车GPS数据记录器、汽车远程信息处理系统、收费系统、安全系统、通信系统、工业备用电源及USB供电设备。图1显示了采用ADI公司Power by Linear™<span>&nbsp;</span></span><a href="http://www.analog.com/ltc4040"><span>LTC4040</span></a><span>锂离子电池备用管理器…。</span></p>

<p><img alt="图1.采用LTC4040且使用用户设置PFI阈值的备用电源。" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="2bbae2eb-f8bb-4679-9f80-5580bb80907e" src="http://new.eetrend.com/files/2021-06/wen_zhang_/100113494-208766-1.jpg&…; /></p>

<p><em><span>图1.采用LTC4040且使用用户设置PFI阈值的备用电源。</span></em></p>

<p><span>LTC4040还有可选的过压保护(OVP)功能,通过外部FET保护IC免受高于60 V的输入电压的影响。其可调输入限流功能支持采用限流电源供电,同时系统负载电流优先于电池充电电流。外部断开开关在备用电源供电期间将主输入电源与系统隔离开来。LTC4040的2.5 A电池充电器提供8种针对锂离子电池和LiFePO4电池优化的可选充电电压。该器件还具有输入电流监控功能、输入电源丧失指示器和系统电源丧失指示器。</span></p>

<p><span>与电池类似的是超级电容。然而,超级电容不支持主电源长时间丧失的场合,但它是需要高功率、短时间备用电源的系统的出色选择。因此,任何支持此类应用的IC通常都需要能够在主电源中断期间支持2.9 V至5.5 V电源轨。众所周知,超级电容的功率密度高于电池,这使其成为短时间内需要高峰值功率备用电源的系统的理想选择。举例来说,ADI公司Power by Linear产品线中的</span><a href="http://www.analog.com/ltc4041"><span>LTC4041</span></a><span>使用片内双向同步转换器,提供高效率的降压超级电容充电,以及高电流、高效率的升压备用电源。当外部电源可用时,该器件用作一个或两个超级电容单元的降压电池充电器,同时赋予系统负载以优先权。当输入电源降至可调PFI阈值以下时,LTC4041切换到升压工作模式,可以从超级电容向系统负载提供最高2.5 A的电流。在电源故障期间,该器件的PowerPath™控制功能提供反向阻断以及从输入电源到备用电源的无缝切换。LTC4041的典型应用包括穿越“致命故障”(dying gasp)电源、高电流穿越3 V至5 V UPS、功率计、工业报警器、服务器和固态驱动器。图2显示了一个典型LTC4041应用原理图。</span></p>

<p><img alt="图2.LTC4041超级电容备用电源应用原理图。" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c68e72b3-a791-41fc-b19e-0de251fe1d1e" src="http://new.eetrend.com/files/2021-06/wen_zhang_/100113494-208767-2.jpg&…; /></p>

<p><em><span>图2.LTC4041超级电容备用电源应用原理图。</span></em></p>

<p><span>LTC4041有一个可选的OVP功能,使用外部FET来保护IC免受高于60 V的输入电压的影响。内部超级电容平衡电路使每个超级电容上的电压保持相等,并将每个超级电容的最大电压限制在预定值。其可调输入限流功能支持采用限流电源供电,同时系统负载电流优先于电池充电电流。外部断开开关在备用电源供电期间将主输入电源与系统隔离开来。该器件还具有输入电流监控功能、输入电源失效指示器和系统电源失效指示器。</span></p>

<h2><span>结论</span></h2>

<p><span>如果要求系统必须持续可用,即便主电源失效或短暂中断也不能停机,那么提供备用电源永远是明智选择。幸运的是,有很多IC选择可供设计人员考虑以满足特定需求,包括LTC4040/LTC4041备用管理器。当主电源中断或丧失时,此类IC很容易让备用电源发挥作用,无论其储存介质是超级电容、电解电容器还是电池。LTC4040和/或LTC4041具有为终端系统提供备用电源的功能,无论是瞬时突发供电还是长时间供电。因此,请确保您的系统在需要时有合适的备用电源可用。明白了吧?</span></p>

<h2><span>作者简介</span></h2>

<p><span>Tony Armstrong是ADI公司Power by Linear产品部门的产品营销总监。他负责电源转换和管理产品从上市到停产的所有事务。加入ADI之前,Tony在Linear Technology(现为ADI公司一部分)、Siliconix Inc.、Semtech Corp.、Fairchild Semiconductors和Intel担任过营销、销售和运营方面的不同职位。他毕业于英格兰曼彻斯特大学,获得应用数学(荣誉)学士学位。联系方式:</span><a href="mailto:anthony.armstrong@analog.com"><span>anthony.armstrong@analog.com…;

<p><span>Steve Knoth是ADI公司Power by Linear部门的高级产品营销工程师。他负责所有电源管理集成电路(PMIC)产品、低压差稳压器(LDO)、电池充电器、电荷泵、基于电荷泵的发光二极管驱动器、超级电容器充电器、低压单片开关稳压器和理想二极管器件。Steve从1990年起在Micro Power Systems、ADI公司和Micrel Semiconductor担任过不同营销和产品工程职位,之后于2004年加入Linear Technology(现为ADI公司一部分)。他于1988年获得圣何塞州立大学电气工程学士学位,并于1995年获得该大学物理学硕士学位。2000年,Steve还获得了凤凰城大学技术管理硕士学位(MBA)。除了与孩子们共度美好时光之外,Steve还喜欢玩弹球/街机游戏或肌肉车,以及购买、销售、收藏古董玩具和电影/体育/汽车纪念品。联系方式:</span><a href="mailto:steve.knoth@analog.com"><span>steve.knoth@analog.com</span></a><…;